Historical backtest

Retiring in 1996: How That Retirement Is Going, 28 Years In

A $1,000,000 60/40 portfolio, retiring in 1996 and spending $40,000/yr (inflation-adjusted), tested against the 28 years of real market history available since then.

By · Updated July 15, 2026
3.5% withdrawal
$35,000/yr
STILL FUNDED
Funded 28 years so far (through 2023), with $2,185,000 remaining (today's real dollars).
4% withdrawal
$40,000/yr
STILL FUNDED
Funded 28 years so far (through 2023), with $1,886,000 remaining (today's real dollars).
5% withdrawal
$50,000/yr
STILL FUNDED
Funded 28 years so far (through 2023), with $1,288,000 remaining (today's real dollars).

Year by year: the 4% plan

YearAgeStocksBonds60/40WithdrawalEnd balance
1 65 +20% −1% +12% $40,000 $1,071,000
2 66 +30% +9% +22% $40,000 $1,254,000
3 67 +27% +11% +21% $40,000 $1,464,000
4 68 +18% −10% +7% $40,000 $1,521,000
5 69 −12% +13% −2% $40,000 $1,451,000
6 70 −13% +3% −7% $40,000 $1,318,000
7 71 −23% +13% −9% $40,000 $1,168,000
8 72 +26% +1% +16% $40,000 $1,309,000
9 73 +7% +1% +5% $40,000 $1,327,000
10 74 +1% −1% 0% $40,000 $1,290,000
11 75 +13% −1% +7% $40,000 $1,342,000
12 76 +1% +6% +3% $40,000 $1,341,000
13 77 −37% +18% −15% $40,000 $1,106,000
14 78 +24% −13% +9% $40,000 $1,164,000
15 79 +13% +6% +10% $40,000 $1,239,000
16 80 −1% +14% +5% $40,000 $1,259,000
17 81 +14% +1% +9% $40,000 $1,326,000
18 82 +30% −11% +14% $40,000 $1,461,000
19 83 +12% +9% +11% $40,000 $1,575,000
20 84 −1% −1% −1% $40,000 $1,519,000
21 85 +10% −1% +6% $40,000 $1,562,000
22 86 +19% 0% +11% $40,000 $1,696,000
23 87 −6% −2% −4% $40,000 $1,583,000
24 88 +29% +7% +20% $40,000 $1,854,000
25 89 +17% +9% +14% $40,000 $2,065,000
26 90 +21% −6% +10% $40,000 $2,231,000
27 91 −24% −20% −22% $40,000 $1,700,000
28 92 +22% +1% +14% $40,000 $1,886,000

What this sequence teaches

Over the first five years of this retirement (1996–2000), a 60/40 portfolio's cumulative real return was +71%. The single worst year in the tested window was 2022, when the 60/40 blend returned −22% in real terms.

Under the 4% withdrawal plan, the real portfolio balance bottomed out at $1,071,000 in 1996, before recovering in later years.

Because the first five years were strongly positive, this retirement built a real cushion early. A strong start is one of the best protections against sequence-of-returns risk, since later downturns bite a larger balance instead of a depleted one.

What RetireOdds actually simulates

The table above is the transparent skeleton: one portfolio, one withdrawal rule, one sequence of real historical returns, before taxes. It's meant to be checkable by hand.

Inside RetireOdds, the same year-by-year loop runs against your plan and adds what a real retirement actually has to deal with: federal and state taxes with account buckets (taxable, tax-deferred, Roth) drawn in order, Social Security claiming and its partial taxability, Required Minimum Distributions, healthcare costs (ACA subsidies before 65, Medicare and IRMAA after), Roth conversions, and one-time life events.

It also runs three engines instead of one: Monte Carlo (1,000 lognormal real-return paths calibrated to this same 1928–2023 dataset), a block bootstrap of this history, and the historical replay shown on this page. A plan fails if any year is unfunded — including the last one.

Read the full method on /methodology, walk through the product in the user guide, or try your own numbers in the free calculator.

Returns are approximate, rounded, planning-grade real (inflation-adjusted) totals for US large-cap stocks and 10-year Treasuries — this is educational modeling, not financial advice.

Run this against your own plan

This page tests one fixed portfolio against history. RetireOdds tests your numbers — your accounts, your Social Security, your taxes — across three simulation engines.